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The University of the State of New York 

The State Department of Education 

Visual Instruction Division 



SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 

List 34 

INDIA AND CEYLON 

(Second edition, June 1920) 



ALBANY 
THE UNIVERSITY OP THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

1920 



V74r-Je20-3ooo (7-8688) 



i i i~rn — n i ' l' '* "* i nn nm n ii i u mi 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

JUL 191921 

DOCUMENTS UiV.SlON 



/ 







CONTENTS 



Part i India no. of 

TITLES PAGE 

Introductory note 4 

Bibliography 5 

Map I 7 

Eastern Bengal and Assam: Jorhat 1 7 

Nowgong 1 7 

Tura 1 7 

Bengal: Calcutta 24 7 

Along the Ganges 4 9 

Darjeeling and vicinity, people, fur trade 11 10 

Bombay province: Bombay, Elephanta caves 13 11 

Kolhapur 1 12 

Sangli 1 12 

Burma: Rangoon, rice culture 12 12 

Madras: Near Madras 1 13 

Guntur district 3 13 

Nellore district 4 14 

Punjab : Amritsar 8 14 

Delhi and vicinity, the Durbar 34 15 

Lahore 1 19 

Simla and vicinity 13 19 

Sutlej valley 2 20 

United provinces of Agra and Oudh: 

Agra, Sikandarah, Fatehpur-Sikri 21 20 

Allahabad 2 22 

Benares 6 22 

Native States: Baroda 2 23 

Kashmir: Maps, Jhelum river road, Srinagar and envi- 
rons, people and industrial life, museums, government. 46 24 

Rajputana: Mt Abu, Alwar, Jaipur, Udaipur 9 30 

South India 4 31 

Native architecture 57 31 

Religious customs 21 32 

Missionary activities 18 32 

Industries and products 13 33 

Mountain scenery 11 33 

Peculiar features of native life 77 33 

Plants and animals 37 34 

Total, less duplicates 227 

Part 2 Ceylon 

Bibliography 35 

Map 1 35 

Anuradhapura 7 35 

Colombo 6 36 

Kandy 9 37 

Negombo 1 37 

People, manners and customs 5 38 

Flora 5 38 

Fauna 10 38 

Commercial products: gems, cacao, camphor, cinnamon, coconut, 

jackfruit, pepper, rice, rubber, tea, vanilla 27 39 

Total, less duplicates , 63 

[3] 



INTRODUCTORY NOTE 

Taken as a whole, the pictures of this list may be made the basis 
of a very interesting and profitable study of a vast territory under 
the control of Great Britain. A wide range of important features 
is presented. 

A number of the pictures serve to emphasize the character of the 
local governments and their relation to the British Empire. 

The most striking physical feature of India is the great mountain 
barrier on the northern border, and a number of impressive and 
characteristic mountain views of the Himalayas are included in the 
list. 

Indian architecture, if less generally known than that of Europe, 
is nevertheless remarkable for its boldness of conception and richness 
of ornamentation and delicacy of execution. Such monuments as 
the Taj Mahal and other Mohammedan structures at Agra and 
Delhi are unsurpassed for works of their kind and are worthy of 
carefuly study. The more modern public buildings and chief 
thoroughfares of such commercial cities as Calcutta and Bombay 
tell of the great resources of the country. 

There is a general interest among the people of our country in 
the peculiar religious and social ideas and practices of India, and 
many of the pictures listed may be used as a means of studying 
these subjects. Education, social classes, dress and modes of travel 
are all directly or indirectly illustrated. 

Special note should be made of the complete and excellent collection 
of views of the far famed Vale of Kashmir. These pictures are 
sufficient in number and attractiveness for an hour's presentation 
to the people of any community. 

Ceylon, though having no direct governmental relation to India, 
is commonly associated with it in thought and views of this crown 
colony of Great Britain have, therefore, been included with those of 
India. Attention is called to the views of the famous Colombo 
breakwater, to the temples and monuments of Kandy and Anurad- 
hapura and to numerous commercial products not obtained from 
our own country. 

Most of the pictures of the list might be used with profit in the 
school course in geography and selections from them are adapted 
for use with classes in history, literature, art, physiography and 
commercial geography. 

Twenty-two additional pictures, bearing mainly on missionary 
work in India, are included in this edition. 

A. W. Abrams 
Chief, Visual Instruction Division 

Albany, N. Y., June 15, 1920 



Bibliography : 

Books 

Allen, Nellie B. Asia: India, p. 276-338. Ginn and Company. 1916 (Geo- 
graphical and Industrial Studies) 

Andrews, C. F. The Renaissance in India. Young People's Missionary Move- 
ment. 1 912 

Beach, Harlan P. India and Christian Opportunity. Student Volunteer 
Movement for Foreign Missions 

Bruce, Mrs C. G. Peeps at Many Lands: Kashmir. Adam and Charles Black. 
1911 

An excellent book for a general study of the country and its people. 

Carpenter, Frank G. Asia: Burma, p. 211-31; India, p. 233-315. American 
Book Company (Carpenter's Geographical Readers) 

•Compton, Herbert. Indian Life in Town and Country. G. P. Putnam's Sons. 
1904 

Crooke, William. Things Indian. John Murray. 1906 

Del Mar, Walter. India of To-day. Adam and Charles Black. 1905 

Dubois, Jean Antoine. Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies. Clarendon 
Press. 1899 

Fanshawe, H. C. Delhi, Past and Present. John Murray. 1902 

Fergusson, James. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture. 2v. John 
Murray. 1910 

Forrest, G. W. Cities of India. Archibald Constable & Co. 1903 

Fuller, Sir Bampfylde. The Empire of India. Little, Brown & Co. 191 3 

Holdich, Sir Thomas Hungerford. India. D. Appleton & Co. 1905 (Regions 
of the World) 

Authoritative, largely geographical and ethnological 

Huntington, Ellsworth. Asia, a Geography Reader: India, p. 304-44. Rand 
McNally Co. 191 2. 

The Pulse of Asia. Houghton Mifflin Co. 



Imperial Gazeteer of India. i8v. Published under the authority of His 
Majesty's secretary of state for India in Council. Clarendon Press. 1908 

Jones, John P. India's Problem, Krishna or Christ. Fleming H. Revell 
Company. 1903 

Landon, Perceval. Under the Sun. Hurst and Blackett. 1906 

Low, Sidney. A Vision of India. Smith, Elder & Co. 1907 

Malcolm, Ian. Indian Pictures and Problems. E. Grant Richards. 1907 

Martin, Rev E. OsbOrn. The Gods of India. E. P. Dutton & Co. 1914 

Murray, John. A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon. John 
Murray. 191 1 

Pennell, T. L. Things Seen in Northern India. E. P. Dutton & Co. 1912 

Singleton, Esther, collector and editor. Wonders of the World as Seen and 
Described by Great Writers. Dodd, Mead & Co. 

The Caves of Elephanta, by Louis Rousselet; The Taj Mahal, by Bayard Taylor; The Iro 
Pillar of Delhi, by V neent A. Smith 



6 

Smith, Julius. Ten Years in Burma. Student Missionary Campaign Library. 
1902 

Watt, Sir George. The Commercial Products of India. E. P. Button & Co. 
1908 

Full and complete descriptions, gives history, processes and other valuable information for a 
general study of these products. 

Younghusband, F. E. Kashmir. With 70 reproductions of painting in color 
by E. Molyneaux. Adam and Charles Black. 1909 

Prepared by men thoroughly familiar with the country; expensive. 



Periodicals 

The American Review of Reviews, October 1907, p. 433-46. India: a Nation 
in the Making, by W. M. Zumbro 

The Century Magazine, February 1914, p. 581-86. The Heart of India, by 
E. F. Benson 

March 1914, p. 680-82. The Golden Temple of Amritsar, by 



E. F. Benson 

Colliers, November 14, 1914, p. 22. The Sikh and Gurkha Soldiers, by Charles 
Johnston 

Current Literature, February 1912, p. 148-50. King George and the Great 
Durbar 

The Independent, December 21, 1911, p. 1358. The Durbar; p. 1387-91, The 
Delhi Durbar, by Rustom Rustomjee 



■ December 28, 191 1, p. 1429. The New Capital of India 

January 18, 1912, p. 157-59. After the Durbar 

January 6, 1913, p. 156-58. India's New Capital 

The Literary Digest, January 6, 191 2, p. 9. Pacifying Effect of the Durbar 

The Living Age, January 6, 191 2, p. 60-62. Delhi and the Durbar 

The Outlook, December 23, 191 1, p. 930*~3i*. The Durbar 

Scientific American Supplement, February 1, 1913. Delhi, the Metropolis of 
India, by Sir Bradford Leslie 

Scribner's Magazine, February 191 1, p. 142-57. The Gateway to India, by 
Price Collier 

March 191 1, p. 259-77. Religion and Caste in India, by Price 



Collier 

May 191 1, p. 513-30. His Highness the Maharaja, by Price Collier 



LIST OF SLIDES AND PHOTOGRAPHS 

Map 

Call no. 

Bi 3 Map of British India and Adjacent Countries. From L. R. Blaich's 

Three Industrial Nations 

By permission of American Book Company, publishers 

Eastern Bengal and Assam 

Jorhat 

Bi AjS Preachers Training School with Thatched Roof; Students. From 

photograph of American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 

This school consists of a primary department, many pupils in 
which are men; a middle English department; a high school; a 
theological department, or Bible training school; and an industrial 
department. 

Nowgong 

Bi AnX Group of Natives and Missionaries ; a Thatched Roofed Chapel 

and a Bell Tower. From photograph (February 1902) of 
American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 

The building shown here is used both as a chapel and a schoolhouse. 



Tur 



.1 



Bi AtM Mission Compound; Two Missionary Residences. From photo- 
graph of American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. (191 8) 

Province of Bengal 

Calcutta 

Bi CG The Old Government House (finished in 1804) and Grounds. 

(1912) 

The capital of India until 19 14, when it was changed to Delhi. 
The grounds cover six acres. 

Bi CX Native Guards on the Line of the Oriental Pageant in Honor of 

Visit of King George and Queen Mary. (191 2) 

This was a celebration held at Calcutta immediately after the 
Durbar. 

Bi CXi State Elephants with Rich Trappings in the Pageant in Honor of 

King George and Queen Mary. (191 2) 

Bi CC Chowringhee Road (street), the Chief European Thoroughf are ; 

Facing the Maidan; View North. (191 2) 

The Maidan is a famous esplanade two miles long, from three- 
fourths to one and one-fourth miles wide. It is bounded by the 
Hugh river on the west and this street on the east. It contains 
Fort William, the Eden gardens, a race course and the cathedral. 
Along the Chowringhee road are clubs, hotels and a museum. 

[7] 



8 

Call no. 

Bi CE Monument Commemorating the Black Hole Victims; the Post 

Office. (1912) 

One night in 1756, 146 British, attempting to defend Fort William 
against a native force, were thrown into a room 22 by 14 feet and 
16 or 18 feet high having only two small windows. Only twenty- 
three were alive the next morning. The English soon after gained 
control of the city and fort and have remained in undisputed 
possession ever since. 

Bi CF Burmese Pagoda in the Eden Gardens, Coconut Palm, Clump 

of Royal Palms. (19 12) 

This picturesque pagoda was brought from Prome and set up 
here in 1856. 

Bi CF2 White Marble Jain Temple of Badri Das. (1912) 

This temple with the gardens about it is said to form one of the 
prettiest spots in Calcutta. It is also called the richest place of 
worship in the world, a prayer in stone. Several parts of the temple 
are shown more in detail in the other views. 

Jains are dissenters from the orthodox Hindu faith. Jainism 
occupies middle ground between Hinduism and Buddhism. It 
nourished from 600 B. C. to 1200 A. D. and though the number of 
its followers has been depleted by persecution the sect still exists 
with about 750,000 adherents made up largely of wealthy bankers 
and merchants. 

Bi CF3 General View of the Court of the Jain Temple of Badri Das; 

Coconut Palm Trees; Native. (191 2) 

Note the lower garment of the man. It is called a dhoti and con- 
sists of a long piece of cloth wound around the waist and legs as 
here shown. 

Bi CF4 Passageway through the Court before the Entrance to the Jain 

Temple of Badri Das. (191 2) 

Bi CF5 A Pavilion of Inlaid Porcelain Covering a Marble Elephant, 

Adjoining the Jain Temple of Badri Das. (1912) 

Bi CF6 A Porch of the Jain Temple of Badri Das. (191 2) 

Bi CF7 Temple Palace of the Founder of the Temple of Badri Das. (1912) 

Badri Das at the time the picture was made was living and 
occupying this palace. 

Bi CX2 Bathing in the Hugli River, View from the Howrah Bridge. (1912) 

This bathing is for ceremonial purposes rather than for cleanliness. 

Bi CX3 Bathing in the Tolly Nullah near the Kali Ghat Temple. (191 2) 

The word Calcutta is derived from Kali Ghat, the landing place 
of Kali, the cruel, dark Hindu Goddess of Destruction, the wife 
of Siva. The Tolly Nullah is an old bed of the Ganges south of the 
city. 

Bi CX6 Goats for Sacrifice at the Kali Ghat Temple. (1912) 



C i ! no . 

Bi CX7 Sacrificing Goats in the Court of the Kali Ghat Temple. (1912) 

Kali requires these blood sacrifices. The bystanders are attendants 
and persons who have brought sacrifices. The victim's head is 
pinned fast in the V-shaped post and the attendant strikes it off. 
The brutal work goes on day after day in the name of religion. 

The carcasses are sold in the market at an extra price. 

Bi CX9 Beggars Sitting or Lying on the Street beside the Kali Ghat 

Temple; Other Native Men and Women. (19 12) 

The woman's dress, called a sari, is made of one piece of cloth 
several yards long. On the line at the left is a man's dhoti. 

Bi CY. .... .The Funeral Pyre at a Burning Ghat; the Body of a Hindu on a 

Stretcher. (1912) 

Hindus burn their dead. At death the soul goes to Yama, the 
king and judge of the dead, and is helped on the way by Agni, the 
god of fire and friend of Yama. 

Bi CYi A Son Watching at the Pyre of His Father and Awaiting the 

Kindling of the Fire. (1912) 

The eldest son or the chief mourner applies the fire to the funeral 
pyre. Note that the head is shaved. All males near of kin to the 
deceased shave the head at his death. 

Bi CY2 An Attractive Group of Hindu Children. (191 2) 

Note the dress of the children and the rings in the nose. 

Bi CY4 A Dhoby Pool; Dhobies Washing. (1912) 

Dhobies are members of a low caste in India employed as washer- 
men. 

Bi CY8 An Avenue of Royal Palms. (1912) 

Nn Be The Great Banyan Tree (Ficus indica). Royal Botanical Garden. 

(1912) 

This tree belongs to the fig family. It began its growth in 1782. 
In 1900 the main trunk was about 50 feet in circumference. The 
tree covers ground nearly 1000 feet in circumference and has nearly 
250 aerial roots. 

Nn Bc2 Aerial Roots of the Great Banyan Tree. {1912) 

Along the Ganges 

Bi Cg7 Flock of Vultures on the Ground and in the Air 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

The vultures are sacred and may not be killed. 
Bi Cg7i . . . .Flock of 150 Vultures Devouring a Dead Body 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

Bi Cg8 Near View of a Monster Alligator with Open Mouth 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Bi Cg9 A Hindu Boat with Tattered Square Sail 

Copyright, 1907. H. C. White Co. 



10 

Darjeeling and Vicinity 
Darjeeling district is in the northernmost part of the province of 
Bengal. It is an agreeable year-around residence and the most 
important sanitarium of the province. The mean temperature 
varies from 42 ° to 6o°; the average rainfall is heavy, 126 inches. 
The district is a favorite resort for the people of lower Bengal. 

Mountain Scenery 
The scenery of the Darjeeling district is most magnificent. The 
spectator in the town of Darjeeling occupies the stage of a vast 
amphitheater of mountains. The Singalila chain is 20 miles to the 
west, the loftier Chola range 40 miles to the east, while to the north 
45 miles are the great peaks of Kinchin junga. More than 1-20 miles 
away to the northwest towers the highest peak in the world, Mt 
Everest, 29,002 feet. 

Call no. 

Bi Cd2 Section of the Snowy Range. North of Darjeeling. (1912) 

Bi Cd3 Characteristic Deep Valley in the Himalayas. Near Darjeeling. 

(1912) 

The valleys of this section are very deep, often several thousand 
feet. The slopes are generally covered with forest like the nearer 
one in this picture, though tea and rice of superior grade are raised 
on terraces. 

Bi CdLj. Fleecy Clouds among Peaks of the Himalayan Mountains. Near 

Darjeeling 

Bi Cd5 Snow-capped Summit of Mt Everest from the Singalila Range. 

Near Darjeeling 

Bi Cdo Himalayan Range and Mt Everest, Many Miles Away, Intervening 

Valley Pilled with Clouds below View Point 

People — Life and Customs 

The hill tribes around Darjeeling are Mongolians. Those shown 
in these pictures are Bhotias and Tibetans. The Bhotias come 
from Bhutan, Tibet and Sikkim. The tribes are considerably mixed 
and not always easily distinguished. 

The dress of the men is a loose woolen coat reaching to the knees. 
A legging of broadcloth is attached to the shoe, which is generally 
of buffalo hide. The feet and legs must be well protected against 
snow in winter. The cap is made of fur or coarse woolen cloth. 

The women dress in a long cloak with loose sleeves and wear 
large earrings and heavy necklaces. 

The Bhotias, both men and women are distinguished, as a rule, 
by their close cropped hair. 

Bi CdX A Mountaineer's House; Roof of Old Sheets of Tin; Natives. 

Near Darjeeling. (1912) 

Note sitting position of the natives, the feet and knees close 
together. 

The roof of the house is made of old corrugated iron and Standard 
Oil cans beaten out. 



11 

Call no. 

Bi CdX2 Group of Bhotian Men and Women. Darjeeling. (1912) 

Bi CdX3 . . . .Group of Tibetan Women, Wearing Heavy Earrings and Numerous 
Strings of Beads. Near Darjeeling. (1912) 

Bi CdX4. . . .Two Tibetan Women Saluting in the Street by Sticking Out the 
Tongue. Darjeeling. (1912) 

Bi CdX5....Five Tibetan Women Spinning by a Very Primitive Method. 
Darjeeling. (19 12) 

This simple method of twisting fibers into thread is used by many 
primitive peoples. 

Fur Trade 
Bi CdY Fur Sellers, Tiger and Leopard Furs. Darjeeling. (1912) 

There is still much wild game in various parts of India. The 
lower slopes of the mountains about Darjeeling teem with animal 
life — tigers, leopards, elephants, deer and wild hog and numerous 
kinds of birds. Shops like this are common in the hill stations. 

Bombay Province 

Bombay 

Bi DC Fountain Square Surrounded by Imposing Buildings, Looking South 

Copyright, 1901, H. C. White Co. 

Bi DC2 Street of the Pearl Dealers Filled with People Mostly in White 

Clothes and Wearing Turbans. (19 12) 

Note absence of sidewalks. 

Bi DV Victoria Railway Station; General View of East and North Sides, 

Seen from an Elevation. (19 12) 

Architect, F. W. Stevens; style, Italian Gothic; completed, 1888; 
cost $1,500,000; claimed to be the finest railway station in the 
world; elaborately ornamented. Railway facilities of India are 
good and cheap. 

Bi DC5 Meadow Street, Irregular; Buildings with Tile Roofs 

Copyright, 1901, H. C. White Co. 

Bi DH House of a Rich Native 

Copyright, 1901, H. C. White Co. 

Bi DX Native Hotel; a Cart and Zebu Bullocks 

Copyright, 1901, H. C. White Co. 

Bi DX2 Lepers in the Street; One Drawn in Heavy, Rude Cart; a Charpoy 

at Right 

Copyright, 1901, H. C. White Co. 

Bi DX3 Bales of Cotton on the Dock Ready for Shipment. (191 2) 

The principal exports of Bombay are cotton, grain, oil seeds and 
yarn. India is one of England's important sources of supply of 
cotton. 



12 

Call no. 

Bi DX5.. ...City Playground for Native Children, Ferris Wheel, Merry-go- 
round, etc. 

Copyright, 1001, H. C. White Co. 

Bi DX6 Dhobies at Work at an Extensive Public Laundry. (1912) 

Bi DX7 Section of the City Where the Plague Has Claimed the Most 

Victims; Unsanitary Conditions 

Copyright, 1901, H. C. White Co. 

From 1896 to 19 10 the total number of deaths in India from the 
plague was about 7,000,000. 

Elephanta Caves 

Bi DZ Wonderful Rock Carved Caves of Elephanta, Lion Entrance. 

Elephanta island, Bombay harbor 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

There are a thousand or more shrine caves in India. This one 
is cut out of solid trap rock. These caves are Brahmanic. 

Bi DZ3 Elephanta Caves ; the Lingam Shrine, Columns. Elephanta 

island, Bombay harbor 

The shrine is 19 J feet square with a door in each side. Guarding 
each entrance are two large figures, called doorkeepers. 

The columns have a high square base, fluted shaft and a ribbed 
cushion capital. This capital is typical of early Indian architecture. 

Kolhapur 

Bi DkX Little Orphan Girls Made Happy by Gifts of American Dolls. 

From photograph of Presbyterian Foreign Mission Library 

Sangli 

Bi DsM New and Attractive Mission Bungalow. From photograph of the 

Presbyterian Foreign Mission Library. (191 8) 

Burma 

Rangoon 

Bi EC View North on Pagoda Street; Fytche Square on Right; Sule 

Pagoda in Distance; Sikh Police Officer, a Street Sprinkler,. 
Natives, Palms. (1912) 

The Sikhs have always been loyal to the British government, and 
constitute the police force all over British India. 

Bi EC 1 View of Dalhousie Street from the Gateway to the Sule Pagoda x 

Two Bells at Gateway; Natives in Characteristic Dress. (1912) 

The dress of the men consists of a skirt with more or less fullness 
twisted into a knot at the waist, a jacket, usually white, and a silk 
headkerchief, or turban. 

Bi EX Three Burmese Women in Characteristic Dress. (1912) 

The women wear no head dress ; otherwise their costume is much 
like that of the men. Both men and women smoke huge cigars. 



13 

Call no. 

Bi EY Traveler's Palm beside a Well-paved Street. 191 

Why the name ? 

Bi EF New Entrance (built 1903) to Shwe Dagon Pagoda, a Leogryph, 

Numerous Natives in Characteristic Dress. (191 2) 

Bi EF2. . . . .Base of Shwe Dagon Pagoda; Traders and Worshippers in Fore- 
ground. (191 2) 

A beautiful, bell-shaped structure; gilded from base to summit, 
partly with gold leaf; described by Edwin Arnold as a " pyramid 
of fire "; most sacred shrine in Burma, attracting pious Buddhists 
from Ceylon, Siam, China and other distant places; said to contain 
relics of four Buddhas, among which are eight hairs of Gautama. 

Bi EF3 The Fringe of the Shwe Dagon Pagoda. (1912) 

At the base of the pagoda proper are a large number of small 
pagodas. 

Bi EF6 Signal Pagoda and Supporting Mound; Steps; Leogryphs. (1912) 

Bi EF8 A Brass and a Marble Statue of Buddha in theSule Pagoda. (1912) 

Bi EV Vinton Memorial Building. From photograph of American Baptist 

Foreign Mission Society. (191 8) 

Erected by native Christians in memory of Dr J. H. and Dr J. B. 
Vinton, pioneers in Karen missionary work. Contains a large 
auditorium and smaller rooms for school work. 

Bi EX2 A Group of High School Girls and the Missionary. From photo- 
graph of American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. (191 8) 

Rice Culture 

Bi EY6 Treading Out Rice with Water Buffaloes. Near Rangoon 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Madras 

Near Madras 

Bi MpX Christian Telugu Wedding Party. Perambur. From photograph 

(December 20, 1899) of American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 

Guntur District 

Bi MvX Missionary with Two Bible Women Touring; Bullock Cart. 

Government County Treasury Building. Vinukonda. From 
photograph (October 1907) of American Baptist Foreign Mission 
Society 

Bi MoX A Very Large Sunday School — Men, Women and Children 

Assembled Out of Doors. Ongole. From photograph (Novem- 
ber 1904) of American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 

Bi MbX Rows of Children Making Telugu Letters at a Mission School; 

Bapatla. From photograph (January 1902) of American Baptist 
Foreign Mission Society 



14 

Nellore District 

Call no. 

Bi MkX Missionaries and Bullock Cart, Ready for Tour. Kanigiri. From 

photograph of American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. 

(1918) 

Bi MkX2 Group of Missionary and Telugu Bible Women. Kanigiri. From 

photograph (March 1903) of American Baptist Foreign Mission 
Society 

Bi MnX Native Christian Pastor and His Family. Nellore. From photo- 
graph of American Baptist Foreign Mission Society. (191 8) 

Bi MrT Graduating Class of the Rampatnam Theological Seminary. From 

photograph (April 1900) of American Baptist Foreign Mission 
Society 

Punjab 

Amritsar 

Amritsar is one of the largest and wealthiest cities of northern 
India. It is the holy city of the Sikhs. It is built around the 
famous ''tank of immortality," in the midst of which stands the 
Darbar Sahib, or Golden Temple. The Sikhs (Seks) are members 
of a reformed Hindu sect founded about 1500 A. D. in the Punjab. 
They believe in one god and prohibit idolatry, pilgrimages and 
charms. They do not recognize castes. The sect developed into 
a powerful military organization. 

Bi PaFi .... The Golden Temple, Its Gateway and Causeway, the Tower of 
Baba Atl, the Sacred Tank in the Foreground. (1912) 

This sacred tank was constructed in 158 1. It is over 400 feet 
square. The temple is joined to the land by a fine marble causeway 
200 feet long. At the west end of the causeway is seen the large 
gateway. The lower part of the temple walls are marble; the upper 
part is incased in gilded copper. The platform on which the temple 
stands is 65 feet square. 

The high tower at the right is known as Baba Atl, erected to the 
memory of the son of one of the priests. The dome of the Akal 
Bungah is at the left. 

Bi PaF2 .... Near View of the Gateway of the Golden Temple Looking In. 
(1912) 

Bi PaF3 .... Entrance Gate to the Golden Temple from Water Side ; Causeway 
Connecting It with the Temple; People 
Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Bi PaF4 .... A Hindu Teacher with a Class of Boys by the Tank of the Golden 
Temple; the Temple Opposite. (191 2) 

The boys of this school are seated on a tesselated pavement of 
marble, which is 24 feet wide, surrounding the whole tank. Note 
that the teacher stands behind the boys. 

According to the census of 1911, only 10.6 per cent of the men 
and one per cent of the women of India could read and write. 



15 

Of the larger provinces, Burma had the highest proportion of 
literate persons, 37.6 per cent of the male and 6.1 per cent of the 
female population being able to read and write; Madras, 13.8 
male, 1.3 female; Bombay, 12 male, 1.4 female; Bengal, 14 male, 1.1 
female ; United Provinces, 6.1 male, .05 female; Native States, 8.1 
male, .09 female. It will also be found that the largest proportion 
of literate persons is along the sea coast. 

Percentage of literate persons of religious communities: Parsis, 
78.2 male, 63.7 female; Jains, 49.5 male, 4 female; Buddhists, 40.4 
male, 5.8 female; Christians, 29.3 male, 13.5 female; Sikhs, 10.6 
male, 1.4 female; Hindus, 10. 1 male, .8 female; Mohammedans, 6.9 
male, .4 female; Animists, 1.1 male, .1 female. 

Call no. 

Bi PaF5 .... Natives in Courtyard of Golden Temple 

Copyright, 1507, H. C White Co. 

Bi PaF6. . . .Hindu Priest, or Guru, in the Golden Temple Reading from His 
Sacred Book, the Granth Sahib. (191 2) 

In buildings surrounding the sacred tank from 500 to 600 priests 
are accommodated. 

Bi PaC Quaint, Crooked Street and Interesting Natives 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

Bi PaX Sikh Forage Dealers Enjoying Their Hookahs in the Grass Market 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

Delhi and Vicinity 

In the Durbar of 191 1 announcement was made that the seat 
of government of India was to be transferred from Calcutta to the 
ancient capital, Delhi. Alleged advantages of the change: Delhi 
is more centrally located, is in closer contact with a great variety of 
native types of people, is near the summer capital at Simla, has a 
healthier climate, is not such a large commercial city. 

Bi P2 Map of Delhi and Vicinity. Prepared by the Visual Instruction 

Division. (191 5) 

Bi PA Kashmir Gate in the North Wall of the Fort. (191 1) 

The holes in gate and wall were made during the siege of 1857 
by the English. 

Bi PH The Diwan-i-Khas, or Hall of Private Audience. Within the Fort. 

(1911) 
Dimensions, 90 by 67 feet; built of white marble inlaid with 
precious stones. 

Bi PF2 The Great Mosque, jama Masjid. (19 12) 

The mosque was built by Shah Jahan and is one of the finest 
buildings of its kind in India. Note the gate approached by a 
grand flight of steps. The gate leads into a courtyard 450 feet 



16 

square surrounded by a cloister. Beyond is the mosque proper, 
200 by 90 feet, relieved by thin vertical lines of black marble from 
which rise three domes of white marble, while two graceful minarets, 
130 feet high, rise from its farther corners. 

Call no. 

Bi PF3 A Multitude of Mohammedans Assemblying for Prayer in the 

Court of the Great Mosque, Sacred Tank 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Bi PF4 A Crowd of Faithful Mohammedans Leaving the Great Mosque 

by the East Side Gate 

Copyright,. 1907, H. C White Co. 

Bi PF5 Mohammedans Performing the Ceremon}*- of Washing"the Hands 

and Lips in the Tank within the Court of the Great Mosque; 
Gate and One Dome of the Mosque 

Copyright, 1907, H. C Whiti Co. 

Bi PX A Fakir (fa-ker'), Almost Naked, Matted Hair, Doing the " Five 

Fire " Penance. (191 1) 

A fakir is a religious mendicant, a member of the Mohammedan 
sect taking a vow of poverty ; a dervish; often a worker of marvels. 
This is a common form of penance among fakirs. Four fires are 
built around the person and the sun constitutes the fifth. The 
body and face are covered with ashes. This fakir had taken an 
oath of silence and had not spoken to any one for ten years. How 
is the word applied in America ? 

Bi PX3 Man Carving an Elephant's Tusk 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

North of the City 
Bi PY2 Asoka Pillar and Hindu Rao's House. (191 1) 

Hindu Rao's house was the key to the position on the ridge held 
by the English May n, 1857, at the time of the Indian mutiny. 
It is on the northern outskirts of the city. 

The pillar, of pale pink sandstone, is one of the many erected by 
Asoka, a noted Indian ruler of the third century B.C. It is 42 feet 
high and bears a Pali inscription. 

Bi PY3 Base of Asoka Pillar; Natives. (1911) 

Bi PY4 The Memorial Tower of the Mutiny of 1857. (1911) 

On the ridge northwest of the city a little south of the Asoka Pillar. 

South of the City 

Bi PY6 Plan of the Mosque of Kuwat-ul- Islam and the Kutab Minar. 

From Murray's Handbook to India, Burma and Ceylon 

This mosque is 11 miles south of Delhi. It is also known as the 
Kutab mosque. It was built by Kutab-ud-din, the great Moham- 
medan slave ruler. 



17 

Call no. 

Bi PY7 Kutab Minar, Seen from Without the Court of the Kuwat-ui« 

Islam Mosque; the Southern Gateway, the Alai Darwazah, 

(1911) 

This minaret is 238 feet high, tapering gracefully from a diameter 
of 47 feet at the base to nearly 9 feet at the summit. Its purpose 
was for use as a muezzin's tower from which to call to prayers. 

Bi PY8 Base of Kutab Minar from Within the Court, the Alai Darwazah 

Gate at the Right . ( 1 9 1 1 ) 

Bi PY9 Base of Kutab Minar and the Iron Pillar, with the Walls of the 

Mosque (in ruins) between Them. (191 1) 

The iron pillar was removed by the founder of Delhi probably 
from Muttra in 1052. It is a solid shaft 16 inches in diameter and 
23 feet high. 

" The Hindu legend connected with the pillar is that it rested 
on the head of the great World Serpent, and that a Tuar prince 
having unadvisedly moved it to see if this was really the case, the 
curse fell upon him that his kingdom too should be removed.' ' 

Bi PZ Carved Pillars of the Colonnade of the Mosque of Kuwat-ul-Islam 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

These richly decorated shafts were taken from Hindu temples. 
A thick coat of plaster once concealed from the eyes of the Moham- 
medans the idolatrous ornamentations of these columns, but it has 
now fallen away. 

Bi PZi Part of the Ruins of the Mosque of Kuwat-ul-Islam, Showing 

Columns of Hindu Origin. (191 1) 

Note the pointed arch. 

Bi PZ2 Tomb of Safdar Jang. (191 1) 

Safdar Jang was the nawab, or ruler, at Delhi at the middle of the 
eighteenth century. 

The tomb is 90 feet square and is arranged in three stories. Some 
of the stone work is fawn colored. The corner towers are of red 
stone inlaid with white marble. The tomb is south of Delhi about 
six miles. 

Bi PZ3 Mausoleum of Mubarik Shah. (191 1) 

This tomb is six miles south of the present city. There is another 
octagonal tomb at Khairpur, Old Delhi, of nearly the same size 
and same style as this one. 

Bi PZ4 Diving Wall at the Tank of the Shrine of Nizam-ud-din Aulia, 

Near Delhi 

Connected with the shrine of Nizam-ud-din Aulia there is this 
tank growing out of the construction of which a serious dispute 
arose between the emperor and a saint. According to the story, 
the saint proposed to keep workmen on the tank at night, but the 
emperor refused to allow him to have oil for lights, whereupon the 
saint turned the water into oil. From the present inclosing wall 
men and boys dive into the water of the tank. 



IS 



Call no. 

Bi PZ5 Tomb of Nizam-ud-din Aulia (14th century) 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Built of white marble, 18 feet square, surrounded by a wide 
veranda; much restored. 

Below and in front is the grave of Johanara Begam, daughter of 
Shah Jahan. Note the headstone. On this is the following verse 
supposed to have been written by the princess: "Let green grass 
only conceal my grave; grass is the best covering of the grave of 
the meek." 

The Durbar 

Durbar is a Hindustani word, meaning originally an audience 
room, then the audience itself. It is customary in India and other 
oriental countries to receive princes and other high officials, ratify 
agreements, make important announcements, etc., in durbar. 

It was judged that the people of India would be pleased by the 
observance by the English of this native cutsom. Accordingly 
Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in a durbar held 
at Delhi in 1877; the accession of Edward VII was celebrated in 
like manner in 1903 and King George and Queen Mary held a durbar 
in December 191 1. On the two earlier occasions the sovereigns 
were represented in the celebrations, but in the Durbar of 191 1 
the King and Queen were present in person. This last durbar was 
the most elaborate and sumptuous function ever held in India. 

Bi PZ6 The Durbar: Arch over Prince's Road. (191 1) 

Bi PZ62. . . .The Durbar: Rude Cart Drawn by a Bullock. Before the post 
office of the encampment. (191 1) 

The attendance at the durbar was so large as to require the con- 
struction of such a building to handle the mail of the visitors. 

Bi PZ64. . . .The Durbar: a Vast Multitude at the Amphitheater during the 
Coronation. ( 1 9 1 1 ) 

Bi PZ66. . . .The Durbar: a Multitude at the Jama Masjid Awaiting the State 
Entry. (191 1) 

Bi PZ68. . . . The Durbar: the State Entry Passing Jama Masjid. (191 1) 

Bi PZ7 The Durbar: Presentation of the Colors at the Polo Grounds. 

(1911) 

Bi PZ74. . . .The Durbar: Encampment of the Maharaja of Pitiala. (191 1) 

There were many such encampments on the Durbar grounds. 

Bi PZ76. . . .The Durbar: Pavilion of the Maharaja of Charkhari State. (191 1) 

Bi PZ77 . . . . The Durbar: His Highness Maharajadhiraja Sipahdar-ul-Mulk 
Jijhar Singh Judes Bahadur of Charkhari State Seated in H r 
Pavilion. (191 1) 

Bi PZ78. . . .The Durbar: Golden and Silver Carriage of the Maharaja of 
Charkhari State. (191 1) 



19 

Call no. 
Bi PZ79 .... Procession in the Durbar of 1903: Elephants and Crowds of 
People. (1903) 

There were no elephants in the procession at the last Delhi durbar. 
It was feared that on account of the large number of motor cars the 
elephants would stampede. 

Bi PZ8 Camp of James A. Ricalton at the Durbar. (191 1) 

Mr Ricalton, a traveler of long and varied experience, made 
most of the negatives of this collection on India and also many 
others for the Education Department. 

Travelers in India carry their bedding with them. A cot like 
those of the picture is called a charpoy. 

Lahore 

Lahore is an old city of 228,000 inhabitants. It is the head- 
quarters of the Punjab government. The city flourished under the 
Mogul rule and was at times a royal place of residence. 

Bi P1A Panorama of the City from the Wazir Khan Mosque; Native in 

Characteristic Dress in Foreground 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

Simla and Vicinity 

Bi PS3 Mountain Scenery; View East-northeast toward the Himalayas; 

Summer Camps of the Wealthy. Near Simla. (1912) 

Lady Curzon had a summer camp here. 

Bi PS4 Crests of Parallel Ranges of Outer Himalayas, View North 40 

Miles. Near Simla. (191 2) 

The scenery around Simla is magnificent. The climate is admir- 
ably adapted to Europeans. 

Bi Ps6 Men and Women Breaking Stones for Road- building ; Slope of 

Mt Jakko (at left); Extent of Mountain Scenery. (191 2) 

Bi PsA Cart Road along a Cliff ; Simla in the Distance. Teradera. (1912) 

The town of Simla is situated on a spur of the central Himalayan 
mountains extending crescent shape a distance of six miles. 

Bi PsA3 . . . .Bungalows Crowding the Mountain Ridge; Mt Jakko (at right). 
(1912) 

Simla is the summer capital of India. The bungalows seen in the 
picture are characteristic of the whole town. 

Bi PsB Small Section of the Town; Christ Church and Y. M. C. A. Building. 

(1912) 

Bi PsC Scene on the Mall; Rickshaws and Rickshawmen. (1912) 

Bi PsX Rickshawmen Waiting for Close of Church Service. (1912) 

Bi PSX3 . . . .A Group of Himalaya Girls with Rings in the Nose, Wearing 
Trousers. (191 2) 

The practice of women wearing trousers is peculiar to this and 
some other mountainous regions of India. 



20 

Ca 1 l no. 

Bi PsX5 .... Stalwart Mountaineers Carrying Heavy Weight of Lumber. (19 12) 
Wagons are scarce in this district. 

Bi PsX8 A Tin Shop; Scouring Tins by Rotary Foot Motion; Hot Water 

Heater (at left). (191 2) 

Bi PSX9. . . .A Silversmith's Bazaar. (19x2) 

Bi PsY Grinding Grain in a Hand Mill before a Grain Store in the Native 

Bazaar. (191 2) 

This mill is similar to that in common use in Palestine. It is not 
used by the English residents. 

Valley of the Sutlej 

Bi Pu2 Landscape in the Valley of the Sutlej; Terraced Fields, Probably 

Rice; Herd of Cows. (191 2) 

The Sutlej valley is comparatively dry. Canals for irrigation pur- 
poses draw off water from the Futlej river. 

Few parts of India can be called dairy country. Cows are small 
and inferior. 

Bi Pu5 Bullock Skin Boats on the Upper Sutlej River. (191 2) 

This device is peculiar to this locality. 

The United Provinces of Agra and Oudn 

Agra 

The city of Agra was the imperial capital of the Mogul empire 
under Akbar, who reigned from 1542 to 1605. It is now the adminis- 
trative headquarters for the government of the district of Agra. 
Population, 188,022 in 1901. Only four per cent of the population 
can read and write. The important buildings listed below were 
constructed during the period of the Mogul empire. 

Jahangir was the son of Akbar; Shah Jahan was his grandson. 

Bi TJB The Delhi Gate in West Wall of the Fort. (191 2) 

This crenelated wall is 70 feet high and a mile and a half in circuit. 
It has little strength for defense, as it is faced only with stone. The 
Delhi gate is the principal entrance. 

Bi UF Gate of the Pearl Mosque (Moti Masjid) and Part of the Marble 

Cloister (view within the court). (191 2) 

Bi UFi Plan of the Pearl Mosque. From James Fergusson's History of 

Indian and Eastern Architecture. (191 5) 

The mosque is 142 feet long and 56 feet high. It was built by 
Shah Jahan in 1654. This mosque is larger than the Pearl Mosque 
at Delhi. It is situated within the fort. 

Bi UF3 Within the Corridor of the Pearl Mosque (Moti Masjid). (1912) 

This corridor opens toward the court. It is divided by rows of 
Saracenic columns into three aisles. Above the corridor are three 
domes of white marble. 



21 

Call no. 

Bi UF7 The Great Mosque (Jama Masjid) ; Numerous Cabs and Natives 

in Public Square 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Situated outside the fort, a little to the northwest. The main 
building is 130 by 100 feet. The building is divided into three com- 
partments each surmounted by a dome of white marble and red 
stone in oblique courses. Constructed by Shah Jahan; completed 
in 1644. 

Bi UI Gate of the Tomb of Itimad-ud-daula. (1912) 

Itimad-ud-daula was the prime minister of Emperor Jahangir 
and the father of Nur Jahan. The tomb is one of the treasures of 
Indian architecture. The gate is made of red sandstone inlaid with 
marble. 

Bi UIi Tomb of Itimad-ud-daula. (191 1) 

The tomb itself, built of marble inlaid with colored stone, has the 
appearance of filigree work. Note the marble pillars on the corners. 
Perforated marble screens stretch from pillar to pillar. As a whole 
the structure is very beautiful. It stands in a garden near the 
Jumna opposite Agra. 

Bi UT Gate of the Taj Mahal from Outside. (191 1) 

Fergusson calls this approach " a worthy pendant to the Taj 
itself." It is built of red sandstone inlaid with ornaments and 
passages from the Koran in white marble. It is surmounted by 
twenty-six white marble cupolas. 

Bi UT2 The Taj Mahal and Gardens, from Top of the Gate. (1912) 

The garden is extensive. The building has been called " a dream 
in marble." It was built as the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal, the wife 
of Emperor Shah Jahan, and was completed in 1648. The material 
is white marble and red sandstone. The building is remarkable for 
its complexity of design and the delicate intricacy of workmanship. 
At each corner is a tall, slender minaret of graceful proportion and 
exquisite beauty. 

The mausoleum occupies a square of 186 feet, its angles deeply 
truncated. Its main feature is the great dome, swelling upward to 
nearly two-thirds of a sphere. 

The interior has much inlaid work in precious stones, such as 
agate and jasper. Brown and violet marbles are also freely used. 

Its beauty is described as peerless. " In regard to color and 
design the interior of the Taj may rank first in the world for purely 
decorated workmanship; while the perfect symmetry of its exterior 
once seen can never be forgotten, nor the aerial grace of its domes, 
rising like marble bubbles into the clear sky." 

Bi UT3 Near View of the Taj Mahal, Front and Side. (1912) 

Bi UT4 Section and Plan of the Taj Mahal, Agra. From Murray's Hand- 
book for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon. (191 5) 



22 

Call no. 
Bi UT6 Panel of Decorated Sculpture, Low Relief in Marble. (1912) 

Bi UT7 Beautiful Marble Screen Inlaid with Precious Stones around the 

Tombs of Empress and Emperor in the Taj Mahal. (191 2) 

Bi UT8 View from the Palace of Jahangir in the Fort, Taj Mahal in Distance, 

Jumna River on the Left, Black Throne in Foreground, Jasmine 
Tower on Right. (191 2) 

The Taj is a mile and a half down the river. Between it and the 
fort is the extensive MacDonnell park. The top of the gate of the 
Taj is seen just over the throne in the foreground. 

Bi UX High, Double-decked Public Conveyances Drawn by Camels. 

(1911) 

Bi UX2 Street Sprinkler — a " Beestie ", with Zebu Bullock Bearing Skin 

Water Bottles. (191 2) 

Such means of sprinkling streets is very common in India. 

Bi UX3 Vegetable Market Filled with Natives Selling Their Wares. (191 2) 

Bi TJX5 Dhobydom, Dhobies Washing at the Jumna; Bridges over the 

River. (1912) 

Near Agra 

Bi UZ3 Cloisters of the Tomb of Emperor Akbar. Sikandarah 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Bi UZ6 Southern Gate, or Gate of Victory, of the Palace. Fatehpur-Sikri 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Fatephur-Sikri, a royal but long-deserted city, was built by the 
great Akbar, who abandoned it for Agra. The city is in a very 
perfect state of preservation. 

Bi UZ8 Children, Adults and Native Hovels. Fatehpur-Sikri. (191 1) 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Allahabad 

Bi UaW Three Christian School Girls. Uumna Girls School (now the Mary 

Wanamaker School). From photograph of the Presbyterian 
Foreign Mission Library. (191 8) 

Bi UaX Dr Samuel Henry Kellogg and Pundit (interpreter) Translating 

the Bible. From photograph of the Presbyterian Foreign 
Mission Library. (191 8) 

Benares 

Benares is one of the most ancient cities of India. It is still the 
sacred city of the Hindus. A million pilgrims visit it annually. 
Each pilgrim visits the various holy places and makes the circuit 
of the ghats. This requires a week or more. Many Hindu princes 
of distant states maintain a residence here. Rajas and other promi- 



23 

nent persons come here to visit the shrines and temples. Commer- 
cially, Benares, like European watering places, is dependent upon 
this influx of pilgrims. Benares has been under the English since 
1775. The climate is very hot . 

Call no. 
Bi UbB Bathing Ghats on the Ganges, Numerous Bathers, Boats. (1912) 

All along the holy Ganges at Benares are ghats, or steps, leading 
down to the water. These ghats are thronged with bathers, par- 
ticularly in the early morning. The Hindu performs his morning 
ablution so that he may be clean for any religious rite or service. 
Under the large umbrellas are stationed priests ready to perform 
services for the bathers and to receive their offerings. 

Bi UbB4. . . .Bathing Ghats on the Ganges, Characteristic Hindu Temples. 
(1912) 

Bi UbX Devout Hindus Bathing and Praying in the Ganges 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

The bathing is done in the orthodox fashion. Note that the nose 
is held with finger and thumb. The bathers dip completely under 
the surface, even when nothing more defiling than the touch of a 
European's hand has to be washed off. 

Bi UbX3 Bathing Hindu Dead in the Ganges 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

The corpse wrapped in cloth is fastened to bamboo poles and 
carried by four men to the river where it is half submerged, the feet 
being in the water and the head on land. The dead are thus bathed 
in holy water that the soul may be cleansed from sin. 

Bi UbX5 ... .Veiled Hindu Widow Lighting Funeral Pyre of Her Husband; 
Attendants and Spectators 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

The horrible practice of burning widows on their husbands' 
funeral pyres has been discouraged by the British government and 
has now nearly died out. 

Bi UbY Feeding Sacred Monkeys 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

Native States 

The Native states, over 600 in number, are political units in India 
.governed by native princes. They acknowledge the sovereignty of 
Great Britain but are not under its administrative system. 

Baroda 

Bi BdP Palace of the Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda; Official Guard Drilling 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

Bi BdX Native Houses, Women and Children 

Copyright, 1901, H. C. White Co. 



24 

Kashmir 
Maps 

Call no. 

Bi K Map of the State of Kashmir, India. Prepared by the Visual 

Instruction Division. (191 4) 

Kashmir is known as one of the native feudatory states of India. 
In area it is about 60 per cent larger than New York. It is an 
extremely mountainous country. The Indus and the Jhelum are 
its chief rivers. Note boundaries, mountains, peaks, passes, valleys 
and principal cities. 

The mountains are represented on the map very much simplified. 
Mountains are the predominating feature of the country. The 
Himalayas, which enter from the east in well-separated ranges, 
terminate in Nanga Parbat, a peak 26,620 feet high. There are 
several other very high peaks. 

Wular lake, 12 J by 5 miles, is the largest lake in all India. 

Bi K3 Map of the Southwest Part of the State of Kashmir, India. 

Prepared by the Visual Instruction Division. (1914) 

The map shows the vale of Kashmir and the main approaches 
to it from the west and south. Kashmir is the chief district in the 
state of Kashmir. 

The Kashmir valley is an oval plain about 85 miles long and from. 
20 to 25 miles wide; hence, about the size of Connecticut. It is 
surrounded by the outer and western ranges of the Himalaya moun- 
tains. It is watered by the Jhelum river, which breaks through 
the mountain wall by a deep gorge beginning at Baramula. The 
plain has an elevation of over 5000 feet. Its latitude is that of 
South Carolina. The climate is delightful in the early summer and 
in the fall. 

Three routes of approach to Srinagar, the capital, may be pointed 
out on the map. One of these leaves the railroad at Rawal Pindi 
and passes through Murree, Domel, Garhi, Chagoti, Uri and Bara- 
mula over a road recently constructed. This route is illustrated 
by the following pictures. From Rawal Pindi to Srinagar is 196 
miles. Three or four days are required for the trip. A second route 
runs from Jammu, the winter capital of the Maharaja, over the 
Banihal pass. This is little more than a private road. A third 
route extends from Gujrat over the Pir Panjal pass, a fine route 
but practicable only for walking or riding. There is a similar road 
from Jhelum through Punch. 

There is an important military road built about 1900 running 
north frcm the Kashmir valley to Gilgit, 228 miles, spoken of as 
the " Key of Hindu Kush." It begins at Bandipur on Wular lake. 

Approach to Srinagar by the Jhelum River Road 

Bi K J A Himalayan Ekka, or Mountain Cart. On Jhelum river jroad. 

(1912) 

There is no railroad in Kashmir. Land travel is by tonga, ekka/ 
or coolies. An ekka is a two-wheeled, two-story cart. It has no 
springs. The baggage goes into the lower story and passengers 



25 

are crowded on top. The large basket, or pouch, below the axle 
holds fodder for the horse. Travel is slow, but inexpensive. There 
is no travel by ekka or tonga over this route at night. At this time 
the road is often blocked by trains of bullock carts. See Bi KJ4, 
below. 

Note the likelihood of rocks breaking loose from the bank above 
the road. See Bi KJi. 

Call no. 

Bi KJi Breaking Up a Twenty-ton Bowlder Which Has Fallen to the 

Roadway from the Overhanging Cliff. On Jhelum river road. 
(1912) 

Such bowlders not only make travel dangerous, but frequently 
delay the journey. 

Bi KJ2 The Gorge of the Jhelum; Road along the River 

The valley of Kashmir was formed by the depression of the central 
area and the gradual rising of the rim. The gorge of the Jhelum 
is an excellent example of the cutting power of the river. But for 
this gorge the valley would still be an immense lake, as it doubtless 
was at an earlier time. The gorge is so narrow in its lower course 
that the road leaves it after a time. The road here shown was 
constructed in 1890. An electric road is projected to run between 
Srinagar and Rawal Pindi. Kashmir will not always remain a 
secluded place. 

The water of the Jhelum at Rampur is now being used to develop 
electric power, which is transmitted to Srinagar and elsewhere. 

The Jhelum river is the Hydaspes of the ancients. On its banks 
Alexander the Great fought a battle with Porus. 

Bi & J3 Several Men Crossing the Jhelum on a Three-rope Bridge. Garhi. 

(1912) 

This bridge represents one type that is common in northern India. 
It consists of three ropes, a lower one on which a person walks and 
two above onto which he holds with the hands. These ropes have 
usually consisted of braided twigs or twisted hide, but the ones 
shown in the picture are iron cables. 

Bi K J33 .... Two Men Crossing the Wild Jhelum by a Single-rope Bridge. 
(1912) 

This picture shows a second type of bridge. There is only one 
rope. Two persons are seated in a rope basket, which is hauled 
across the stream by means of a second rope. An ox or horse is 
taken across the stream in a similar manner. The rope used here 
is made of hide. The flow of water here is 20 miles an hour. 

Bi KJ4 A Bullock Train Resting on the Jhelum River Road. (1912) 

The valley of Kashmir has a rich soil and a climate favorable for 
many important crops. But this slow and troublesome means of 
transportation does not encourage trade. Such trains as this one 
have the right of way at night on this road. 



26 

Call no. 

Bi Kay Waterfall in Gorge of the Jhelum. (191 2) 

Bi KJ5 A Dak Bungalow, or Rest House. Uri. (1912) 

At each station on a road in Kashmir there is a rest house main- 
tained by the government. These houses are first of all for the use 
of officials, but travelers are also accommodated. The price for 
lodging is only a few cents. Servants are not allowed in them. 

Bi KJ6 The Maharaja's Private Rest House on the Way to Srinagar. 

Rampur. (191 2) 

Bi KJ7 Road through a Native Village; Mountains in Distance. Rampur. 

(1912) 

Bi KJ8 Clouds and Snow-capped Mountains beyond a Stretch of Level 

Rice Fields. On road to Srinagar. (1912) 

The vale of Kashmir is surrounded by such a mountain rim. 
Much of the low land is flooded with water from the mountains 
in the spring. 

City of Srinagar and Its Environs 

Bi KS Map of Srinagar and Environs. Based on one in Murray's Hand- 
book for Travellers in India. Prepared by the Visual Instruction 
Division. (191 4) 

Native population of Srinagar, 120,000. The canals of this city 
recall Venice. The site of Srinagar is not healthful. Note especially 
the location of the Jhelum river, the numerous canals, Dal lake, 
Takht-i-Suleiman, Hari Parbat, the principal gardens, or baghs, 
Dal gate, the British residency, the chief temple and mosques and 
the Sher Garhi, or government buildings. 

Bi KS2 The First Bridge over the Jhelum; Several Dungas, or Mat House 

Boats; View down Stream. (1912) 

There are seven such quaint bridges across the Jhelum at Srinagar. 
They are numbered from up stream. House boats are one of the 
most familiar sights. Besides the Jhelum, which is the main 
thoroughfare of the city, there are numerous canals on which such 
boats are used. 

Foreigners are not permitted to own real estate in Srinagar, which 
encourages the use of house boats; besides, life on such a boat is 
cheap and pleasant. But such boats are also in general use by 
natives as well. Some boats are built for traffic and others for 
pleasure; they are of many grades as to size, completeness and 
finish. The boats are propelled by paddles, skull oars or poles; 
sometimes they are drawn, or towed, from the shore. 

Bi SrA4 The Third Bridge over the Jhelum; Grass-roofed Houses. (1912) 

The quaint wooden bridges harmonize well with the rickety, 
grass-roofed houses of wood and sun-dried brick. Many of the 
houses of Srinagar remind one of those seen in Swiss villages. 

Bi KS24. . . .A Large House Boat Loaded with Natives and Propelled by Oars; 
Houses of the City in Background. (1912) 



27 

Call no. 
Bi SrA3. . ..Grass-roofed Houses on the Bank of the Jhehim; Mountains in 
Distance. (191 2) 

Bi KS3 Panorama Northwest from Base of Takht-i-Suleiman; Dal Gate 

at Bend of Tsont-i-Kul Canal; Poplar Avenue (at left); Hari 
Parbat Hill Surmounted by Old Fort. (191 2) 

Hari Parbat is a hill 250 feet high. The fort on the top of it was 
built by Akbar at the end of the sixteenth century. Dal gate is 
the entrance into Dal lake. For Poplar avenue, see Bi KS6, below. 

Bi KS34. .. .Mosque of Shah Hamadan, with Grass-covered Roof. On the 
right bank of the Jhelum. (191 2) 

This is an interesting old structure, a subject for artists to sketch. 
It is almost Norwegian in style. 

Bi Ka2 Panorama from the Side of Takht-i- Suleiman; Plain with Winding 

Streams and Lakes; Snow-covered Mountains in the Distance. 
(1912) 

Bi KS4 On the Dal, or City, Lake at Sunset; Takht-i-Suleiman, or Throne 

of Solomon, Rising in Distance, Its Ancient Temple Seen in 
Outline. (1912) 

Dal lake, a shallow body of water, extends for several miles to 
the northeast of the city. It is one of the chief attractions of Srinagar. 
Takht-i-Suleiman, or Throne of Solomon, rises nearly 1000 feet 
above the plain. On its summit is an interesting Hindu temple of 
stone, parts of which were built about 250 B. C. 

Bi SrZ4 The Dal, or City, Lake at Dusk, Floating Gardens Held in Place 

by Poles; Rugged Barren Mountains in Distance. (1912) 

This lake is about 4 miles long by 2 J broad. It is not a single 
sheet of water. It seems almost rilled up with islands and floating 
gardens. Little canals, or open channels, join its several parts. 
Its banks are dotted with villages, cottages and orchards. 

The floating gardens are unique. Into a huge basket woven 
of weeds rich earth is placed and such vegetables as cucumbers, 
melons, tomatoes and egg plants, sending their roots down to the 
water, flourish abundantly. Each morning in season boats are to 
be seen carrying vegetables from these gardens to the city. The 
smaller boats seen in the picture are called shikaias. 

Bi SrZ3 The Dal, or City, Lake from Nishat Bagh; Boats. (191 2) 

Bi KS5 Tsont-i-Kul Canal; House Boats; a Hindu Temple. (1912) 

Bi KS52. . . .A Canal, Easily Cut through Level Alluvial Soil; Boats, Poplars 
and Mountains. (1912) 

Bi KS54. . . .State Barges of the Maharaja, opposite the Palace on the Jhelum. 
(1912) 

Bi KS6 Poplar Avenue; Takht-i-Suleiman in Distance. (1912) 

The avenue here shown is a mile long. Long rows of poplar trees 
are one of the features of the city and the roads leading to it. Note 
temple on summit of hill. 



28 

Call no. 
Bi KS52. . . .Long, Straight Avenue of Poplar Trees in the Cantonment; Excel ent 
Road. (1912) 

Bi SrZ7 Trunks and Lower Branches of Great Chenar Trees (plane trees) 

of the Nishat Bagh (garden). Dal Lake. (191 2) 

The chenar tree is the special glory of the valley. They were 
introduced into Kashmir by Jahangir. 

Nn PI A Large Chenar, or Plane, Tree (Platanus orientalis). (1912) 

This tree has a massive foliage and affords dense shade. 

Pleasure Gardens near Srinagar 

Bi KS7 Beautiful and Elaborate Approach to the Nishat Bagh; Terraces, 

Walks, Trees, Shrubs and Flowers. On Dal lake. (1912) 

A bagh is a garden. There are many of these about Srinagar. 
Jahangir, the son and successor of Akbar, is said to have laid out 777 
pleasure gardens around Srinagar. This appears to have been done 
to please his beautiful and beloved wife, Nur Jahan. 

Bi SrZ6 .... Summer Retreat of the Emperor of Jahangir and His Wife Nur 
Jahan (Nurmahal) in the Shalimar Bagh. On Dal lake. (191 2) 

The People and Their Industrial Life 

Ninety per cent of the people of Kashmir are Mohammedans. 
The peasants are all of this class. Nearly all the others are Hindus 
or Sikhs. The Kashmiris are for the most part of a nearly pure 
Aryan stock. 

Bi KX A Kashmiri Group, Mostly Men; Turbans. (1912) 

Mohammedan women wear a long, loose woolen frock, cut like 
a long skirt, with wide sleeves rolled back. 

Bi KX2 A Group of Kashmiris: Men, Women and Children, Children 

Wearing Skull Caps, Girls with Hair in Many Small Braids. 
(1912) 

Bi KX4 Two Men with Performing Goats and Monkeys ; Poplar Trees. 

(1912) 

Scenes similar to this are common throughout India. 

Bi KX5 Women Husking Rice in Mortars, on the Bank of the Jhclum; 

Grass-roofed Houses with Balconies; Hindu Temple; Boats. 
(1912) 

Rice is the principal crop in Kashmir and also the chief food of 
the people. Barley, corn and other grains also do well. In general, 
conditions are favorable for about the same farm products as are 
raised in New York 5tate. Apples and similar fruits do well. Hops 
are raised. Cattle are inferior in grade, but sheep raising nourishes. 

Bi KX6 A Kashmiri Plowman; Bullock Team and Primitive Plow. (191 2) 

Agricultural methods are backward. Where else are such plows 
used? Note coarse moccasins. Compare Bi KJ3, p. 25. 



Call no. 

Bi KX7 Pit Sawing by Three Pairs of Kashmiris. (19 1.2) 

Now that electric power is available in Srinagar, such a primitive 
method of making lumber is not likely to .continue long in use, though 
this method was still in use in at least one place in New York State 
as late as i860. See note on Th L8, List 23 , Forestry and Lumbering. 

Bi KY Men Weaving Kashmir Shawls; Woman Spinning; Group of 

Onlookers. (191 2) 

Kashmir is famous for making rich and costly shawls from the 
fine soft coat of wool under the hair of the Kashmir goat, which is 
found generally in the Himalaya mountains. The patterns of these 
shawls are very intricate and a long time is required to weave one. 
At present there is very little shawl making in Kashmir. Carpet 
weaving, in a measure, has taken its place. 

Bi KYi Group of Women Spinning Out of Doors; Rude Spinning Wheels. 

(1912) 

Bi KY3 Group of Native Wood Carvers Working in an Open Court; 

Group of Children in Background. (191 2) 

Wood carving is a business of considerable importance in Srinagar. 
For appearance, dress and customs, see also Bi KJ, p. 24, Bi KJi, 
p. 25, Bi KJ3, p. 25, Bi KS6, p 27. 

Museum 
Bi KS8 The Museum. (191 2) 

It is noteworthy that this comparatively isolated city of northern 
India has so much of a museum as is here shown. It contains a 
collection of ancient firearms and numerous exhibits of lovely 
shawls arid of modern manuf actures, especially engraved and beaten 
copper and silver, carved wooden ware and embroidery. 

Hospitals have recently been established. 

Government 

The Maharaja administers the state government assisted by three 
ministers. The Maharaja is subject to the Government of India, 
which is represented by a resident at Srinagar. 

Kashmir was an independent state until 1586 when it was annexed 
to India by the great Akbar, who invaded the country from his 
capital at Delhi. It remained under Mogul emperors until 1752, 
when it was taken by the Afgans. In 18 19 the Sikh ruler of the 
Punjab began to acquire control of this country. In 1846 Gulab 
Singh, the Dogra ruler of Jammu, who had b}^ degrees been subduing 
the districts lying north of him, by treaty put himself under British 
protection and was in return confirmed in the possession of the 
country. 



30 

Call no. 
Bi KS82. . . .The Maharaja's Palace on the Bank of the Jhelum. (1912) 

For location, see Map, Bi KS, p. 26. The Sher Garni includes 
the palace and the city fort. It is near the first bridge. The palace 
is a disappointing building, commonplace in design, of cheap material 
and gaudy in coloring. 

Bi KS9 Preparing for the Arrival of the Maharaja at the Steps of His 

Palace on the Jhelum; Boats in the River; Grass-roofed Houses 
on Opposite Bank. (191 2) 

The Maharaja has his winter residence at Jammu. In the 
spring he makes his formal return to Srinagar. The summer he 
spends in the Gulmarg and elsewhere. 

Bi KS92 .... Crowds Assembled in Boats and along the Shore on the Arrival 
of the Maharaja. (1912) 

Rajputana 

Rajputana, " the country of the Rajputs," is a large territory 
including the province of Ajmere Merwara, two chiefships and a 
number of native states, the principal ones being Bikanir, Jodhpur, 
Jaipur, Alwar, Bhartpur, Jaisalmir, Udaipur and Kotah. 

Bi Ra$ Porch of the Jaina Temple of Dilwarra, Pillars and Fine Carvings. 

On Mount Abu 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

Temple built of pure white marble. There are really two temples 
united, the older one built about 1100, the later one about 1300. 
Marble brought 300 miles. Fourteen years required to build the 
more modern one; cost $9,000,000. 

Note the cell containing a cross-legged seated figure of a saint. 
There are fifty-four such cells in the temple. 

The temple is noted for its delicacy of carving and beauty of 
detail. 

Alwar 

Bi RcP Maharaja's Palace from the Courtyard; Fort 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

Jaipur 

Bi RjB Johri Bazaar, a Broad, Well-paved Street Thronged with People 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

One hundred and eleven feet wide, one of the broadest streets in 
India. 

Bi RjC Champori Gate; Camels and People Passing In and Out 

Copyright. 1907, H. C White Co. 

Bi RjH Hall of the Winds; Street Scene, Elephants and People 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 

Bi RjX Street Crowded with Mohammedans in Sword Dance 

Copyright, 1907, H. C White Co. 



31 

Call no. 

Bi RJX3 Feeding a Great Number of Sacred Pigeons in the Street 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Bi RJX4 Pelicans and Other Birds in the Royal Aviary- 
Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Udaipur 
Bi RuP Palace of the Maharaja and the Street before It with People 

Copyright, 1901, H. C. White Co. 

South India 

Bi X15 Telugu Mother Giving Baby a Bath. From photograph of Ameri- 
can Baptist Foreign Mission Society. (1918) 

Bi X2 Missionaries in Camp While on Tour. From photograph (March 

1900) of American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 

Bi X24 Seminary Teacher Preaching to a Crowd of Hindus. From photo- 
graph (July 1908) of American Baptist Foreign Mission Society 

Bi X3 Brahman Bridal Party ; Bride Twelve Years of Age, Groom Forty 

Years. From photograph of American Baptist Foreign Mission 
Society 

Native Architecture 

Buddhist: Call no. Page Call no. Page 

LatofAsoka, Delhi (3d century B.C.) Bi PY2 16 Bi PY3 16 

A lat was a memorial pillar usually with a carved inscription and the top crowned with an 
emblem. 

Pagoda from Prome Bi CF 8 

Shwe Dagon Pagoda, Rangoon Bi EF 13 Bi EF2 13 

Bi EF3 13 

Signal Pagoda, Rangoon Bi EF6 13 

See also Dagobas, Anuradhapura, Ceylon 
Brahmanical rock-cut temples: 

Elephanta caves (after middle of 

eighth century A. D.) Bi DZ 12 Bi DZ3 12 

Hindu : 

Columns, Mosque of Kuwat-ul-Islam . Bi PZ 17 Bi PZi 17 

Temple, Srinagar Bi KS5 27 

Golden Temple, Amritsar, a modern 

Sikh temple showing influence of Bi PaFi 14 Bi PaF2 14 

Mohammedan architecture Bi PaF3 14 Bi PaF4 14 

Bathing Ghats, Benares Bi UbB4 23 

Jaina: 

Temple of Dilwarra, Mount Abu, one 
of the earliest examples of Jaina 

architecture Bi Ra 3 30 

Jain temple and palace of Badri Das, Bi CF2 8 Bi CF3 8 

modern Bi CF4 8 Bi CF5 8 

Bi CF6 8 Bi CF7 8 
Indo-Moslem, Pathan: 

Mosque of Kuwat-ul-Islam and the Bi PY6 16 Bi PY7 17 

KutabMinar Bi PY8 17 Bi PY9 17 

Bi PZ 17 Bi PZi 17 

Note that the columns of the mosque shown here are Hindu. 



32 

Indo-Moslem, Pathan {continued) Call no. Page Call no. 

Tomb of Mubarik Shah Bi PZ3 17 

Tomb of Nizam-ud-din Aulia (much 

restored, little original work left) . . Bi PZ5 18 

Indo-Moslem, Mughal: 

Diwan-i-khas, Delhi Bi PH 15 

Jama Masjid, Delhi Bi PF2 15 Bi PF3 16 

Bi PF4 16 Bi PF5 16 

Tomb of Safdar Jang (late decadent). . Bi PZ2 17 

Delhi Gate, Agra Bi UB 20 

Pearl Mosque, Agra Bi UF 20 Bi UFi 20 

Bi UF3 20 

Jama Masjid, Agra Bi UF7 21 

Tomb of Itimad-ud-daula, Agra Bi UI 21 Bi UIi 21 

Taj Mahal, Agra Bi UT 21 Bi UT2 21 

Bi UT3 21 Bi UT4 21 

Bi UT6 22 Bi UT7 22 
Cloisters of Tomb of Akbar, Sikan- 

darah Bi UZ3 22 

Southern Gate, Fatehpur-Sikri Bi UZ6 22 

Indo-Moslem, Kashmiri: 

Mosque of Shah Hamadan, Srinagar, 

a wooden structure Bi KS34 27 

Religious Customs 

Bi X34 Hindus " Calling the God " — Bringing the Spirit into the Idol. From 
photograph of the Presbyterian Foreign Mission Library 

Ceremonial bathing Bi 

Bi 

Bi 

Bathing Hindu dead Bi 

Cremation Bi 

Bi 

Sacrifice of goats Bi 

Hindu priest Bi 

Statues of Buddha Bi 

A fakir Bi 

Mohammedans at the Great Mosque, 
Delhi Bi 

Bi 

Mohammedans in sword dance Bi 

Feeding sacred monkeys Bi 

Feeding sacred pigeons Bi 

See also temples, pagodas, mosques etc., under Native Architecture 

Missionary Activities 

Children making Telugu letters at mission 

school Bi MbX 13 

Three Christian school girls Bi UaW 22 

Group of high school girls and the mis- 
sionary Bi EX2 13 

Preachers training school Bi AjS 7 

Graduating class of theological seminary. . Bi MrT 14 

Doctor Kellogg translating the Bible Bi UaX 22 

Missionaries ready for tour Bi MkX 14 

Missionary and two Bible women touring. . Bi MvX 13 

Missionary and Telugu Bible women Bi MkX2 14 

Missionaries in camp Bi X2 31 



CX2 


8 


Bi CX3 


8 


UbB 


23 


Bi UbB4 


23 


UbX 


23 






UbX 3 


23 




. . 


CY 


9 


Bi CYi 


9 


UbX 5 


23 






CX6 


8 


Bi CX7 


9 


PaF6 


15 






EF8 


13 




. . 


PX 


16 






PF3 


16 


Bi PF4 


16 


PF 5 


16 




. . 


RjX 


30 




. . 


UbY 


23 




. . 


RjX 3 


31 







33 

Call no. Page Call no. Pag 

Preaching to a crowd of Hindus Bi X24 31 

Large Sunday school Bi MoX 13 

Mission chapel and natives Bi AnX 7 

Vinton Memorial Building Bi EV 13 

Mission compound Bi AtM 7 

New mission bungalow Bi DsM 12 

Orphan girls with American dolls Bi DkX 12 

Native Christian pastor Bi MnX 14 

Industries and Products 

Kashmiri plowman Bi KX6 28 

Rice fields Bi KJ8 26 

Treading out rice with water buffaloes ... . Bi EY6 13 

Women husking rice Bi KX5 . 28 

Herd of cows Bi Pu2 20 

Bales of cotton Bi DX3 1 1 

Women spinning Bi CdX5 11 Bi KYi 29 

Weaving Kashmir shawls and spinning. . . Bi KY 29 

Pit sawing Bi KX7 29 

Native wood carvers Bi KY3 29 

Man carving an elephant's tusk Bi PX3 16 

Fur seller Bi CdY 1 1 

Mountain Scenery 

Himalayas near Darjeeling Bi Cd2 10 Bi Cd3 10 

Bi Cd4 10 Bi Cd5 10 

Bi Cd6 ' 10 

Himalayas near Simla Bi Ps3 19 Bi Ps4 19 

Bi Ps6 19 

Mountains of Kashmir Bi KJ7 26 Bi KJ8 26 

Bi Ka2 27 

Peculiar Features of Native Life 

Natives Bi DC2 1 1 

Bi PaC 15 

Bi PA 15 

Bi UF7 21 

Bi RuP 31 

See also titles under Missionary Activities 

Burmese women Bi EX 12 

Bhotian men and women Bi CdX2 1 1 

Himalaya girls Bi PSX3 1 9 

Hindu children Bi CY2 9 

Hindu teacher and boys Bi PaF4 1 4 

Telugu mother giving baby a bath BiXi5 31 

Brahman bridal party Bi X3 31 

Christian Telugu wedding party Bi MpX 13 

Tibetan women Bi CdX3 11 Bi CdX4 1 1 

Bi CdXs 11 11 

Sikh forage dealers Bi PaX 15 

Kashmiris Bi KX 28 Bi KX2 28 

People and native hovels Bi UZ8 22 

Native houses Bi BdX 23 

Mountaineer's house Bi CdX 10 

Native hotel Bi DX 1 1 

House of rich native Bi DH 1 1 

Unsanitary conditions Bi DX7 12 

Lepers Bi DX2 1 1 

2 



Bi ECi 


12 


Bi PaF5 


15 


Bi PY3 


16 


Bi PZ64 


18 



34 



Beggars 

Diving well 

Men performing with goats and monkey. 
Dhobies 

Mountaineers carrying lumber 

Breaking stone for road building 

Ekka, or mountain cart 

Rickshawmen 

Camel cart 

Bullock train resting 

Rest houses 

Cot used by travelers 

House boats 



Hindu boat 

Skin boats 

Rope bridge 

Street sprinkler 

Official guard 

City playground 

Grinding grain 

Johri bazaar 

Tin shop 

Silversmith's bazaar 

Vegetable market 

Pageant, native guards 

Pageant, state elephant 

State barges 

Crowds assembled for arrival of Mahara- 
ja Bi KS9 

Delhi durbar, 11 titles, pp. 18-19 



Call no. 

Bi CX9 
Bi PZ4 
Bi KX4 
Bi CY4 
Bi UX5 
Bi PSX5 
Bi KJi 
Bi KJ 
Bi PsC 
Bi UX 
Bi KJ 4 
BiKJ 5 
Bi PZ8 
Bi KS2 
Bi KS5 
Bi Cg9 
Bi Pus 
Bi KJ3 
Bi EC 
Bi BdP 
Bi DX5 
Bi PsY 
Bi RjB 
Bi PsX8 
Bi PSX9 
Bi UX3 
Bi CX 
Bi CXi 
Bi KS54 



Page 

9 

17 
28 

9 

22 
20 

25 
24 
19 
22 

25 
26 

19 
26 

27 

9 
20 

25 
12 

23 
12 
20 
30 
20 
20 
22 
7 
7 
27 

30 



Call no. 

Bi DX6 

BiPs6" 
BiPsX' 



Page 



12 



19 

19 



Bi KJ6 26 

Bi KS24 26 



Bi KJ33 25 
Bi UX2 22 



Bi KS92 30 



Plants and Animals 

Banyan tree Nn Be 

Chenar, or plane tree Nn PI 

Coconut palms Bi CF 

Royal palms Bi CF 

Traveler's palm Bi EC 

Poplars Bi KS3 

Bi KS62 

Pelicans Bi RJX4 

Pigeons Bi RJX3 

Vultures Bi Cg7 

Alligator Bi Cg8 

Camels '. Bi PF2 

Bi RjC 

Cows Bi Pu2 

Elephants : Bi CXi 

Bi RjH 

Goats Bi CX6 

Monkeys Bi UbY 

Tiger and leopard skins Bi CdY 

Water buffaloes Bi EY6 

Zebus Bi DX 

Bi UX2 

Bi MkX 



9 Nn Bc2 9 

28 Bi SrZ7 28 

8 Bi CF3 8 

8 Bi CY8 9 

12 Bi EY 13 

27 Bi KS6 2y 

28 

3i 

31 

9 Bi Cg7i 9 

Q 

15 Bi RjB 30 

30 Bi UX 22 

20 

7 Bi PZ79 19 
30 

8 Bi KX4 28 
23 Bi KX4 28 
11 

13 

11 Bi PZ62 18 

22 Bi KJ4 25 

14 



35 



PART 2 CEYLON 
Bibliography: 

Books 

Allen, Nellie B. Asia: Ceylon, p. 339-49. Ginn and Company. 1916 

(Geographical and Industrial Studies) 
Clark, Alfred. Peeps at Many Lands : Ceylon. Adam and Char es Black. 1910 
Lucas, C. P. A Historical Geography of the British Colonies, v. 1. Clarendon 

Press 
Murray, John. A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon. John 

Murray. 191 1 
Penfleld, Frederic Courtland. East of Suez: Ceylon, India, China and Japan. 

The Century Co. 1907. Four chapters on Ceylon 

Periodicals 

Engineering Magazine, February 1907, p. 798-800. Colombo Harbor 
Living Age, August 5, 191 1, p. 357-72. Isola Bella, by " Linesman " 
Outing, March 1910, p. 724-35. On the Road in Ceylon, by Harry A. Franck 
Scientific American, November 19, 1904, p. 357-58. The Cultivation of Tea 

in Ceylon, by Charles C. Johnson 
Scientific American Supplement, March 21, 1903, p. 22757-58. Tea in Ceylon 
Scribner's Magazine, September 1891, p. 319-36. The City of the Sacred Bo 

Tree (Anuradhapura) , by James Ricalton 

Map 

Call no. 

Bbe 2 Map of Ceylon. From T. C. Penfield's East of Suez 

By permission of the Century Co., publishers 

Ceylon is a crown colony of Great Britain; area, 25,481 square 
miles, that of Ireland, 32,524 square miles; population in 1911, about 
4,000,000; note latitude. 

Anuradhapura 

Bbe A Map of Anuradhapura. From Murray's Handbook for Travellers in 

India, Burma and Ceylon. (191 5) 

Bbe AF Thuparama Dagoba and Surrounding Columns, General View. 

(1912) 

A dagoba is a bell-shaped construction erected over some relic of 
Buddha or a disciple of him. It is always solid and is surrounded 
by a cubical structure above which is a spire. It is made of brick 
and mortar covered with a kind of cement. In the center is a small 
cell in which the relic or other sacred objects are preserved. There 
are many dagobas in and around Anuradhapura. 

The Thuparama is one of the most elegant and remarkable of 
the minor Ceylon dagobas. It is said to cover the right collar bone 
of Buddha. 

Bbe AG Partial View of the Thuparama Dagoba with Rows of Carved 

Granite Columns. (191 2) 

Such columns are a special feature of Ceylon dagobas and are 
peculiar to Singhalese architecture. 

This dagoba is encircled by four rows of shafts, the inner row, 
shown in this picture, is 22 feet, 10 inches high and about 14 inches 
thick. Note the octagonal carved capitals. 



36 

Call no. 

Bbe AH. . . .The Ruanwelli Dagoba. (1912) 

This dagoba was completed about 90 B.C. Its diameter is 252 
feet. It is 180 feet high, but was originally higher. The present 
base is a restoration. 

Bbe AP Granite Pillars of the Brazen Palace. (19 12) 

This palace was one of a number of monastic buildings. Only 
these stone pillars, 1600 in number, remain. They are about 12 
feet high. The walls originally between the pillars were of brick, 
but have all disappeared. The pillars are arranged in forty parallel 
rows. They represent what remains of the lowest of this nine- 
story monastery. The upper stories were doubtless of wood. The 
structures date from about 100 B.C. 

Bbe AT Pilgrims Ascending the Steps Leading to the Sacred Bo Tree. 

(1912) 

The bo tree, a very long-lived tree, is sacred to Buddha. This one 
is said to have been planted in 240 B.C. It is watched constantly 
by special guardians. 

Bbe AX A Statue of Buddha Seated before a Stone Bench. (191 2) 



Colombo 

Bbs CB Sea Dashing against Breakwater, during Southeast Monsoon. 

(July 191 2) 

Breakwater constructed in 1875-85 ; it is 42 10 feet long and protects 
an area of 500 acres. To this breakwater chiefly Colombo owes its 
commercial importance. Most of the imports and exports of Ceylon 
pass through Colombo. Population 163,000. 

Bbe CBi . . . .Sea Dashing High into the Air above Breakwater, Seen from Basin. 
(1912) 

This view illustrates well the protection given by the breakwater. 

Bbe CC. . . .Queen Street from near Landing Jetty. (1912) 

The streets of Colombo are broad and well laid out. 

Bbe CX " All Ceylon " Exhibition, or Fair; Typical Architecture, People. 

(1912) 

Bbe CY Sacks of Copra (dried kernels of coconut) Loaded on Boats in 

Harbor. (191 2) 

Copra is used chiefly in making coconut oil. 

Bbe CY3.. . .Zebu Bullocks and Carts Being Loaded with Tea at Warehouse; 
People. (191 2) 

The extent of the tea industry in Ceylon is suggested by this view. 



ST 



Kandy 

The town of Kandy is in the central part of Ceylon; population, 
26,000. It was the capital of the former kingdom of Kandy. 

It is picturesquely situated on the banks of a small artificial lake. 
With the building of the Temple of the Tooth it became an important 
seat of the Buddhist hierarchy and later the residence of the royal 
family. The palace, built about 1600, is now occupied by the agent 
of the British government. 

Call no. 

Bbe KC Main Street. (1912) 

Bbe KD. . . .Kandy Lake, Papaw Trees, Coconut Palm Tree. (1912) 

Bbe KF Buddhist Vihara, or Monastery, Broad Spreading Trees, Winding 

Walk, Corner of Lake. (191 2) 

Bbe KG. . . .The Governor's Palace. (19 12) 

Bbe KK. . . .Old Palace of the Kings, Surrounded by Trees and Shrubs. (1912) 

The wall in the foreground is a part of the one surrounding the 
grounds of the Temple of the Tooth. 

Bbe KP Public Library on Margin of Lake. (1912) 

Bbe KT The Temple of the Tooth, Entrance and Right End. (1912) 

The Temple of the Tooth is the most sacred Buddhist temple of 
Ceylon. It contains an imitation of the " sacred tooth " of Buddha. 

The original tooth was brought to Ceylon before 411 A.D. but was 
taken away by the Portuguese and burned in 1560. The octagonal 
tower at the right is used as a library. 

Bbe KT3...The Temple Elephant, Bearing the Shrine Containing the 
Sacred Tooth, Leaving the Temple of the Tooth, in the Perahera. 
(1912) 

The Perahera is a procession held annually in honor of Buddha. 

Bbe KX Coconut Climber Going Up a Tree; Library of the Temple of 

the Tooth in Background. (191 2) 



Negombo 

Negombo is a Dutch town on the coast, 23 miles north of Colombo, 
20,000 inhabitants. It is celebrated for its brass works. 

Bbe NR. . . .Railway Station; Double Track Road; Grove of Coconut Palms. 
(1912) 

Ratnapura 

For the gemming industry at this place, see five titles on gemming, 
P- 39- 



38 
People, Manners and Customs 

Call no. 

Bbe X Four Singhalese Men and a Boy Playing on Ceremonial Tom Tom; 

Crowd of Spectators. (191 1) 

Note that the men wear the hair long, done up in knot behind. 
The Singhalese constitute about three-fifths of the population of 
Ceylon and the Tamils somewhat over a quarter. 

Bbe X2 Singhalese Girls Making Pillow Lace 

Copyright, 1907, H. C. White Co. 

Bbe X3 . . . . .A Tamil Man Carrying Two 40-pound Jackfruit; a Zebu Bullock. 

(1912) 

This fruit sometimes exceeds 60 pounds in weight. It is an 
important food in this part of the world. 

Bbe X4 Typical Native Country Home of the Lower Class: Women and 

Children. (191 2) 

Note size of the stone and mortar part, the open sheds, the thatched 
roof and the limited provision for light. 

Bbe X5 A Hackery, the Chief Ceylonese Conveyance, Drawn by Zebu 

Bullock. Negombo. (19 12) 

Note the hump of the animal. 

Flora 

Nm Ce2 .... The Agava, or Century Plant. Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. 
(1912) 

For papaw trees, see Bbe KD, p. 37. 

Nn PaT4. . . .Trunks of Talipot Palm {Corypha umbraculifera) . (191 2) 

Nn Ru6 Fantastic Trunk and Roots of a Giant Rubber Tree (Ficus 

elastica). Garden of the King's Pavilion, Kandy. (1912) 

Bbe X7 Yucca Plant; House in Background. Kandy. (19 12) 

See also plants and trees under commercial products. 

Fauna 

Bbe X8 Snakes (Cobra) and Snake Charmers. (1912) 

The cobra is very deadly. There are more than 20,000 deaths a 
year in India from the bite of the cobra. The fangs of the snake 
shown here are probably removed. 

Nv Eli Elephant (Elephas indicus) with Tusks, Head and Trunk Raised; 

Driver at Side. (1912) 

Tusk worn sharp splitting logs. Official elephant of the Temple 
of the Tooth. 

Nv EI2 Three Elephants Sporting in a River; Coconut Palms along the 

Bank. (1912) 

There are probably eight or ten thousand wild elephants on the 
island. They are fairly well protected by a tax on killing and are 



39 

not diminishing in number. The number of domestic elephants is 
probably not more than 200. 

Call no. 

Nv EI3 Two Elephants; Several Children on Back of Each. (1912) 

Nv EI4 An Elephant Splitting the Stem of a Large Kitul Palm to Obtain 

the Succulent Heart for Food. (1912) 

Eats also bananas, rice etc. Owner, a Kandyan chief, named 
Dunnuwille. This chief owns a stud of four or five elephants, which 
are often used for work. The keep of an elephant is too expensive 
for common people. 

Nv EI5 Farm Elephant Carrying Home the Farmer and the Plow. Near 

Kandy. (1912) 

Nv EI6 Huge Tusked Elephant with One Foot on a Man Lying on the 

Ground. Ceylon. (191 2) 

This picture illustrates how criminals were once put to death in 
the East. 

For pictures of zebu bullocks, see Bbe CY3, p. 36, Bbe X3, p. 38 
and Bbe X5, p. 38. 

Commercial Products 

Bbe Y2 General View of Gemming Pits. Ratnapura. (1912) 

Ratnapura is the headquarters of the gemming industry of Ceylon. 
The whole country around this town is dotted with pits from which 
are taken sapphires, topazes, rubies and cat's-eyes. The gems are 
found in a substratum of clay called illan. This clay when brought 
to the surface is washed for the gems. Note the well sweeps. 

Bbe Y21 . . . .Taking Gem Clay from Pit. Ratnapura. (191 2) 

Bbe Y23 . . . .Washing Clay for Gems. Ratnapura. (1912) 

Bbe Y25. . . .Coolie Laborers from the Gem Pits. Ratnapura. (1912) 

Owing to the general reluctance of the native Singhalese to labor, 
many coolies are brought into Ceylon. 

Bbe Y3 Native Lapidaries. Ratnapura. (1912) 

Note the bow held in the right hand. This is drawn back and 
forth over the cylinder thus turning the wheel. With his left hand, 
the lapidary holds the gem against the wheel. 

Bbe Y4 Gem Crystals of Spinel Ruby from Ceylon. State Museum, 

University of the State of New York. (19 15) 

Bbe Y41 . . . .Cut Gems of Spinel from Ceylon. State Museum, University of 
the State of New York. (191 5) 

Nn Ca6 Young Cacao Tree in Fruit. (1912) 

Bbe Ys Camphor Plantation. Royal Botanic Gardens. Peradeniya* 

Ceylon. (191 2) 

The camphor plant is not a native of Ceylon. Camphor is 
obtained by distillation of the twigs and young leaves. 



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Call no. 
Bbe Y6 Natives Peeling Cinnamon. Near Negombo, Ceylon. (1912) 

Cinnamon is indigenous to Ceylon; about 40,000 acres of it are 
cultivated. The bark is split longitudinally and is peeled off with 
a straight copper knife. 

Bbe Y62. .. .Singhalese Girls Scraping Cinnamon Bark. Near Negombo. 
(1912) 

The outer bark is scraped off with a bent knife. 

Bbe Y64. . . .Quilling and Drying Cinnamon. Near Negombo. (1912) 

The dried rolls of bark are called quills. 

Bbe Y66. . . .Piles of Peeled Cinnamon Sticks, Sold in Bundles for Firewood. 
Near Negombo. (191 2) 

Bbe Y7 General View of a Coconut Plantation. West coast. (1912) 

Note the dried palm leaves attached to three of the trees to serve 
as an alarm against thieves. 

Bbe Y72.... Heavy Growth of Coconut Palms, Native Hut, Dugout Boats 
with Outriggers. West Shore of Ceylon, near Negombo. (191 1) 

Such palms run along the shore for about 50 miles. 

See also Bbe KD, p. 37, for another picture of coconut palm trees. 

For picture of Coconut climber, see Bbe KX, p. 37. 

Bbe Y74. . . .Sprouting Coconuts. Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. (Sum- 
mer 1912) 

Note that the coconuts were planted in June 191 1 and that the 
picture was made about a year later. 

Bbe Y77. . . .Two Men Husking Coconuts. (1912) 

The husks are split by means of a steel knife in end of long handle. 
For sacks of copra (dried kernels of coconut), see Bbe CY, p 36. 

Bbe Y78 Piles of Jackfruit 

Nm Pf2 Common Black Pepper Vines Supported by a Large Tree. Royal 

Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. (1912) 

Bbe Y8 Paddy Field, Terraced. (1912) 

Bbe Y83. . . .A Commercial Rubber Plantation; Two Men Gathering the Milky 
Juice from the Trees 

Bbe Y9 Tea Plantations Covering Extensive Hillsides; a Tea House; 

Natives Plucking Tea. Nanuoya. (191 2) 

The tea industry of Ceylon has had a remarkable growth since 
1875. Two thousand pounds were exported in 1877 while now the 
export is over 150,000,000 pounds. It is the chief product of the 
mountain regions and the only cultivation over 4000 feet. 

For carts being loaded with tea, see Bbe CY3, p. 36. 

Nm Vc2 . . . . Small Vanilla Vine with Pods Growing on Trunk of Tree, Rova^ 
Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya. (1912) 



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